Bikesrepublic

Wahid Ooi

  • The Honda Motor Company, Ltd. has produced some revolutionary models since their inception in 1959.

  • Their bikes illustrate their “Power of Dreams” principle.

  • These are only ten but there are really (too) many more.

As the world’s largest motorcycle manufacturer, the Honda Motor Company, Ltd. has produced some revolutionary models since their inception in 1959. Operating behind the “Power of Dreams” principle, some of these motorcycles, their technologies, innovations and ideas went to influence how the industry approaches motorcycles.

Here are ten best production motorcycles. They are picked due to their groundbreaking ideas and not necessarily their sales figures.

10. NR (1992)

Honda NR

Honda is a “four-stroke” company, first and foremost. Although the had dominated the 500cc two-stroke GP championship for many years, they still believed the benefits of the four-stroke engine.

Honda had to think outside the box to compete against the two-strokes, which led to the developing of the four-stroke 500cc NR500 GP racer. It featured oval pistons to increase the cylinder’s swept area and each piston had two conrods. Each cylinder was serviced by 8 valves! The four oval pistons were fitted into a V-Four configuration, but it was actually more like a V-Eight.

NR750 endurance racer’s oval pistons, dual conrods and 32 valves

This technology was brought to the buying public in the form of the 750cc NR superbike. Apart from the oval pistons, the bike had underseat exhausts and a single-sided swingarm. These two designs were later adopted by Massimo Tamburini into the groundbreaking Ducati 916.

Sadly, the bike was way too expensive and had problems. Only 300 were built but collectors do seek them out.

9. VFR750R (RC30) (1987 to 1990)

 

Honda VFR750R RC30

The FIM had shut down Formula TT to make way for the first Superbike World Championship (WSBK) in 1988. As it was a production-based championship, manufacturers must homologate the bike they wished to race in the series. Besides that, most parts and components of the of the race bike must be the same as those on the homologated bike. Honda was quick on the ball and built the VFR750R, model code RC30.

It was made to win from the start, featuring 748ccc V-Four engine (four-cylinder engines were limited to 750cc back then), with gear-driven cams. It produced 118 hp, which was really high at the time. That wasn’t all, the engine and entire bike was full of race-ready components. For example, the piston connecting rods were made of titanium, making the RC30 the first road bike to use such component. The first gear was geared “long,” which allowed it to hit 132 km/h. There was a slipper clutch to eliminate locking up the rear wheel under aggressive downshifting.

Its aluminium spar frame appeared just one year after Suzuki debut it on a road bike on the GSX-R750. And just like the Suzuki, Honda had adopted it from the NSR500 GP racer, along with the dimensions of the bike.

It was clear that Honda earmarked the bike to enter endurance racing, as well, especially at the prestigious Suzuka 8-Hour. Hence, the bottom of the forks had quick release nuts to allow the front wheel and axle to drop free for quick wheel changes. Similarly, the rear wheel was carried on a single-sided swingarm where the sprocket and brake were mounted, while the wheel was held in place by a single lug nut.

American rider Fred Merkel took the RC30 to the inaugural World Superbike title in 1988. He followed up his success the next year.

He was not the only one to taste success. Any RC30 rider around the world owned the competition, including Robert Dunlop and Steve Hislop at the 1989 and 1990 Macau Grands Prix.

Only 3,000 VFR750R RC30 were ever built and it is still very much sought after.

8. RVF750 (RC45) (1994 to 1995)

Honda RVF750 RC45

The VFR750R RC30 had started showing its age by 1992, having being beaten soundly by the Ducati V-Twins, despite the latter’s lower horsepower. Kawasaki had also defeated Honda and Ducati for the 1993 title.

If there is one manufacturer that absolutely hates getting beaten, it is Honda, regardless of motorsport. Thus, they stepped up the game by having the Honda Racing Corporation (HRC) build a new no-expense spared bike to wrest the title back. This resulted in the RVF750 (RC45) in 1994.

It was still a 750cc V-Four but with many differences over the RC30. It had PGM-FI fuel injection, titanium conrods, lightweight and low-friction pistons, ceramic and graphite coated bores, engine parts cast from magnesium, and much more.

While the roadgoing version officially produced 118 hp (the same as the RC30), its strength was in the configurable PGM-FI fuel injection system. It came to produce an “official” 190 hp in its last years in racing form, although some claimed that it actually produced more power than Honda’s all-conquering NSR500 two-stroke GP racer (as in above 200 hp).

Honda had wanted to squash the competition in World Superbikes, but it did not happen until 1997 when John Kocinski joined the team. However, the RC45 was an invincible beast that no one could beat in other championships and races, including in the AMA Superbikes and Isle of Man TT. It also won the FIM Endurance World Championship six times.

Only 200 were made for the road, each one hand built. It’s one of the rarest production Hondas.

7. CBR600F and CBR600RR (1987 to 2007)

Honda CBR600F

The CBR600F made its debut in 1987. It was Honda’s first fully-faired inline-Four bike along with the CBR750F and CBR1000F.

Although the CBR600 and its subsequent iterations appeared sporty, and were entered into competition, it distinguished itself as the everyday supersport bike. Riders loved it for its torque and midrange horsepower, but most of all, it was comfortable for street riding and sporty enough for track work. Hence, its lineage continued until the CBR600F4i which stopped production in 2006.

Honda released the sportier CBR600RR in 2003 as the contender for the supersport titles and production continued until 2007.

Honda CBR600RR

The current CBR650 continues the CBR600F and CBR600RR’s heritage but the engine was adopted from the naked Hornet.

6. Gold Wing (1975 to current)

1975 Honda GL1000 Gold Wing

There is no other leader in the luxury touring segment than the Honda Gold Wing. BMW had come very close to snatching the title with the K 1600 line-up, but Honda had simply moved the goal posts even further away.

The Gold Wing began as the Gold Wing GL1000 in 1975 (introduced in the Cologne Motor Show in 1974). It featured a 999cc, SOHC, flat-Four and shaft final drive. Although meant as a sport-tourer, it did not have factory fitted windshield or luggage. But the American market loved it and Honda sold 13,000 units in that one year alone.

The Gold Wing grew through the years and the “full-dress” touring bodywork was offered in the GL1100 Insterstate option in 1980.

1980 Honda GL1100 Gold Wing Interstate

Its engine capacity grew bigger and bigger due to close competition from other Japanese rivals such as Yamaha and Kawasaki. Finally, the fourth generation Gold Wing was introduced in 1987 (for model year 1988) along with a 1500cc engine and its now signature 6-horizontally-opposed (flat-Six) engine.

1988 Honda GL1500 Gold Wing

The fifth generation made its debut in 2001 with an 1800cc engine, which is the capacity through to the current sixth generation model which was introduced in 2018.

2018 Honda GL1800 Gold Wing

The Gold Wing has so many onboard luxury options that rivals cars, including an airbag, so much so that some joke that it’s actually hiding two extra wheels underneath. It may be true (just joking), given how easy it is to ride the bike.

  • GIVI Asia organized the GIVISTA Ride to Cameron Highlands over the weekend.

  • It was the first activity for the GIVISTA Community for 2020.

  • Guest of honour was world traveler, Bert Boute.

GIVI Asia organized the GIVISTA Ride to Cameron Highlands over the weekend.

The ride was the first of such activity for the GIVISTA Community for 2020. It had been planned for an earlier date but was put off due to the Chinese New Year and subsequent Covid-19 scare.

The GIVISTA Community accepted the invitation with glee, filling up the 35 spots in less than three days. Perhaps it was a great opportunity to get away from everyone’s self-imposed isolation from the Covid-19 epidemic, besides the spell of hot weather.

This time, the convoy gathered at the Rawang R & R Northbound area, instead of GIVI Asia’s headquarters in Bukit Beruntung, Selangor. Participants from the south and Klang Valley headed there, while those from the north waited at certain points along the way.

Joining us as marshals were Tun Shahir with his Honda Gold Wing and Boy from Desmo Owners Club on his Ducati Multistrada 1200 Enduro. The special guest this time was Bert Boute, the world traveler from Belgium.

The convoy was split into two groups – one for bikes 200cc and above, while the other was for bikes below 200cc. It wasn’t discrimination, we would like add, but for safety due to the speed difference. Doing so also divided the convoy into smaller groups of bikes, rather than having one large gaggle which could well disrupt traffic. The first group departed 10 minutes ahead.

We rode towards Simpang Pulai, while stopping for lunch at Restoran Tasik Raban in Canning Garden, Ipoh.

From there it was up the mountain on some of the best sets of twisties. The weather started as hot and humid but became cooler and cooler the more corners we negotiated.

The convoy made a number of stops along the way, including at the famous vantage point on the bridge overlooking a range of hills and the asphalt ribbon which winds its way around them.

We arrived at the Dear Dino Villa soon after. Everyone was elated to arrive safely, while the villa welcomed us with plump fresh strawberries and chocolate dip.

Being situated on top of a hill, the villa let in a cool breeze. Every participant ran around taking pictures, a few took lungful of deep breaths of the crispy air. They were also given free time to roam around Cameron Highlands, but few took up the offer as the roads outside were already choked with weekend traffic.

A BBQ dinner was prepared by GIVI. The honey marinated chicken had the group descending on it like a hungry horde.

Bert Boute presented a summary of his travels so far. He had ridden through Europe, Central Asia, parts of Southeat Asia and had stopped in Malaysia before continuing onwards to Australia and New Zealand. His photographs and stories had everyone glued to their seats.

After the presentation, we were allowed to carry on with our own activities. Some participants rode to the night market, others watched a movie set up by GIVI, or just got together to catch up.

We checked out the next day, but the community members decided to cancel the planned trip to the Boh Tea Plantation and factory. The traffic was picking up and it’s decided to best avoid that destination.

Every participant arrived home safe and sound to cap off another successful GIVISTA event.

PHOTO GALLERY

  • Continuing our series “Know your Bike”, we present the tourer.

  • Tourers are about hauling their passengers and lots of luggage over long distances.

  • These luxo-tourers provide the best comfort.

Here we are, continuing with the tourer.

As the segment name suggests, the tourer is about long-distance riding. It’s about packing the bike with all the stuff you need for more than just a weekend getaway.

What is it?

The tourer is about outright comfort for long-distance rides.

That necessity gives rise to full wind protection, thick and comfy seats, large luggage carrying capacity, stereo.

Good examples are the Honda Gold Wing, BMW K 1600 range, Harley-Davidson touring range, Indian touring range, Yamaha Royal Star Venture, Kawasaki Voyager, so forth.

A sub-genre is known as the bagger. Baggers are cut down full-dress tourers, with no top case luggage and more streamlined bodywork. Best examples are the Honda Gold Wing F6B, Harley Street Glide and Road Glide, BMW K 1600 B,

BMW is set to join the cruiser market with the R 18, but there’s no official word on which types they’ll market.

Styling

Large, huge are the normal responses received from the public.

Tourers are given large bodywork to protect the occupants from windblast and large luggage to carry their belongings. Almost all have stereos and sound systems, too.

This segment is led by the Honda Gold Wing, which set the standards in terms of luxury, comfort, instrumentation and refinement. BMW’s K 1600 series does the same, while the American tourers are marketed for their heritage (although still comfortable compared to other types of bikes in the market).

Seating position

An upright riding position sums it all up.

The handlebar is usually “pulled back” to the rider with the help of a tall riser. Because of this, the seats are wide and plush to support the rider and passenger’s derrieres, while a tall seatback supports the rider’s lumbar region.

The footpegs or footboards are placed forward of the seat, giving little bend for the knees.

Engine size

Tourers are usually powered large capacity engines. The current crop has capacities ranging from 1600cc and above.

The American tourers feature the long-beloved narrow-angle 1800cc V-Twins , the Gold Wing has an 1800cc flat-Six, while the K 1600 uses a 1600cc straight-Six.

Performance

The engines in tourers are tuned for torque in order to support the rider, passenger, luggage and bikes’ weight.

Their capacities may rival that of cars (actually, they bigger than most cars in Malaysia), but their top speeds are usually around 200 km/h.

Chassis

Tourer chassis is about supporting large amounts of weight, first and foremost, with considerations for comfort being just as important.

Their suspensions are plush to isolate the occupants from road bumps. This is why the Gold Wing and K 1600 feature Hossack-style girder front suspension, while the American tourers have air shocks in the rear.

Electronics

They are equipped with the latest electronics these days, although not as extensive as bikes of other segments.

ABS and traction control are standard features. Gold Wing customers can also opt for the airbag.

Fuel capacity

Fuel tank sizes typically range from 18 litres and above to provide the furthest possible range between fill ups.

Customization options

Customization is usually centred around the Harley-Davidson and Indian brands. Trends include equipping them with large front wheels and “slamming the suspension.” Another favourite tweak is to install powerful sound systems in luggage space. Custom paint jobs and pinstriping are the norm.

Manufacturers also offer plenty of options.

Photo credit Fbomb Baggers
  • Malaysia will now have one BMW S 1000 RR HP4 Race.

  • The bike was delivered to her owner last night.

  • It will see track action soon.

The one and only BMW S 1000 RR HP4 Race in Malaysia was delivered to her lucky owner last night.

The handover ceremony was carried out last night by BMW Motorrad Auto Bavaria in their new showroom in Ara Damansara. Owner Mr. Mark Chew was present to unveil and receive the mock key for the bike numbered 162/750.

BMW Motorrad introduced the HP4 Race to showcase their engineering prowess in building high performance bikes. Working hand-in-hand with a number of specialists, the HP4 is a study in creating an ultra-exotic superbike that’s chockful of components and materials this side of World Superbike and MotoGP.

Where do we begin?

The obvious place would be the engine. It may reside in a bike with the S 1000 RR silhouette, but it’s actually rather different from the standard unit. For example, it produces 215 hp at 13,500 RPM and 120 Nm of torque at 10,000 RPM. Compression ratio has similarly been bumped up to 13.7:1, necessitating the use of a minimum of RON 98 petrol.

To handle all that power and abuse, the transmission has straight cut gears for 1st, 2nd, 4th, 5th and 6th speeds. The shift pattern follows that of race bikes, of course i.e. 1 up, 5 down. The package even includes a combination of 3 front and 5 rear sprockets of different sizes.

The bodywork is entirely carbon, including the self-supporting tail unit. The front mudguard and inner splash guard are also carbon. Using the black stuff cuts weight down to just 146 kg dry, and 171 kg ready to roll.

Speaking of carbon fibre, even the frame is made from the lightweight material, and weighs only 7.8 kg. But carbon fibre is stronger than steel, which means it doesn’t flex as much. That’s good when the bike is straight up, but how so when it’s cranked way over in a corner. BMW overcame this by designing in some flex to absorb shocks.

Running gear consists of great stuff, too. Everyone’s attention will first be diverted to those jaw-dropping wheels. Yes, they’re made of carbon fibre, too. As the eyes move up, they’ll be caught by the GP-spec T-floating Brembo brake discs and GP4-PR monobloc calipers. These calipers feature titanium pistons. The rear brake caliper also has a caliper with 4 titanium pistons.

The front is suspended by Öhlins FGR 300 World Superbike forks. these fork legs are rotatable, enabling front tyre change without removing the brake calipers. At the back is an Öhlins TTX 36 GP WorldSBK-spec shock, which is attached to a swingarm made by Suter. (Suter is a frame and racing components specialist who entered Moto2 a few years ago.)

Up top, an eccentric carrier allows the steering head angle, hence the rake can be adjusted by a maximum of 1-degree in 0.5-degree increments from 24.5 degrees. As such, the trail is also adjustable between 95 to 112 mm.

It’s definitely a bike for those who dare to dream. “I’ve always wanted a bike like this since I was a kid,” said Mark Chew. “I’ve already got a Ducati V4 S, but the HP4 Race is something truly exotic.”

Mark had raced professionally 20 years ago but is now a regular of SBR Trackdays at the Sepang International Circuit. “Yeah, I can’t wait to take this bike down to the track. The earliest trackday will be in early March.” “I really appreciate the support given by Auto Bavaria, as they will send a team of mechanics to help me understand and setup the bike. Plus, they will also help me with the 2D GPS data acquisition system which will tell me where I should go faster.”

That’s truly nice to hear, rather than have the bike sitting in a glass case or in the living room.

PHOTO GALLERY

  • So many drive without using their turn signals.

  • That happens for one reason or another.

  • We’ll get to the motorcyclists after this.

I commute on my bike on daily basis, seven days a week. And I could actually count and remember the number of cars who actually use their turn signals on each trip.

Of the thousands of cars and other vehicles (including motorcycles), only an average of 30 actually used their turn signals. That’s per one-way trip and it seems to be getting worse.

Just today alone, I had 3 “donkey-holes” who just jammed their brakes in front of me. No signal.

Yeah, yeah, I admit that not all motorcyclists are angels, especially this epidemic in Malaysia where the red light means a suggestion to stop for some idiots. But we’ll get to that and we’re not going to hold back. Unfollow us be damned.

Okay, okay, enough ranting and let’s get on with it.

1. Indifferent, lack of apathy, selfish

Complete lack of thoughts and consideration for others. What’s important is that he or she gets there, everybody else can go and hang. I don’t like to stereotype, but this sort of drivers are usually in big boxes with four wheels and those who think their vehicles can go anywhere. Wink wink.

2. It’s a left turn

“I’m turning left at the intersection ahead and I’m already in the left lane. So, why do I need to signal?” Wrong! Your car hasn’t got all the aerofoils and spoilers of a Formula 1 car, does it? Meaning you do slow down before turning. The sudden drop of speed gives little to no warning to the vehicle behind.

3. Justin Bieber just came on the radio

What I meant is his favourite song, but since he drives like a buffoon, it might as well be Bieber. Point here is about being distracted. Besides the stereo, it could be the cute Amoi (Chinese girl) or Awek (Malay girl) he’s trying to impress, a mom who’s child has just spilled his milk (from inside his tummy), yelling match with the spouse, daydreaming of being alone with Margot Robbie on a desert island (hubba, hubba), thinking of ways to show the Boss who’s the real boss, discussing multi-million Ringgit project on the phone, etc., etc.

5. Too troublesome or lazy to signal

Uh huh. Yes, I personally knew drivers like these. You want to know troublesome, dude? Try holding on to the clutch lever then stretching your thumb out to push the turn signal button on a bike. Riders with small hands and short fingers know how it’s like. And you, in the car, have the signal stalk right at your fingertips, which you can sweep it on in one single motion when you turn the steering wheel. And you’ve air-conditioning and Bieber to listen too, on top of that!

6. Oh no, you’re not cutting me off!

One of my family members used to stick religiously to this mantra. He seemed to have this notion that the car in the next lane would intentionally speed up to cut him off should he signal his intentions. My observation was that the other cars were already too close, and he was just trying to muscle in at the last possible moment.

He’s since stopped this habit, after almost causing a motorcyclist to smack into his rear bumper. The rider retaliated by breaking his side view mirror.

7. On a dark desert highway

There are times when the roads are so deserted it’s like the shimmering lights are still far away. But rural roads are where other vehicles or people or animals will jump out of nowhwere.

BONUS: I use my signal thus am a VVVVVVVVVVVIP

Not that we don’t appreciate those who do use their turn signals. However, there are some who think that the act of signaling means an M1A1 battle tank or Airbus A380 has to give way.

  • Continuing our series “Know your Bike”, we present the cruiser.

  • Cruisers are about easy going.

  • Their engines emphasis torque over horsepower.

There are still many types bikes that we need to cover, but let’s get the main types out of the way first, by moving on to the cruiser.

Yet to come is the tourer, sport-tourer, adventure/dual-purpose/dual-sport, sportbike. That should cover all the road bikes. We’ll then move to the off-road bikes.

What is it?     

The mainstay of cruisers is about completely a laid-back riding and attitude. It’s about the engine’s torque reverberating through the entire bike and the rider’s body. Style matters the most here. It’s about presence. It’s about making a statement. It’s about being different in an age of mega-complex, highly advanced motorcycles.

Talk about cruisers and one is inclined to think about leather clad riders on thundering machines that rattle your car’s windows as they pass. Honestly though, that image was promoted by the stalwart of cruiserdom i.e. Harley-Davidson.

Good examples are Harley-Davidsons; Indian Motorcycles; Honda Rebel; Yamaha Royal Star; Kawasaki Vulcan; Triumph California, Bobber, and Rocket III; etc.

There are sub-genres to cruisers, of course. You get bobbers, choppers, trackers (as in flat track replicas), Sportsters/Scouts, baggers, tourers, and finally powercruisers such as the Yamaha V-Max, Harley V-Rod series, Ducati Diavel and now the new Triumph Rocket 3.

BMW is set to join the cruiser market with the R 18, but there’s no official word on which types they’ll market.

Styling

Styling (apart from the powercruisers) is normally “nostalgic.” Harley-Davidson is the company who’s always evoking images of what happened in 1903, 1984, 2003, etc. However, the Motor Company has moved away from the traditional retro designs for a number of their models recently.

The other big name in cruisers is Indian Motorcycles. Under the Polaris group, there were two lines of cruisers, initially, the other being Victory. The latter produces models with highly retro cues, while the latter more modern, powercruiser styled models. However, Polaris has closed Victory to concentrate on the Indian brand.

Cruisers are easy to spot. They have really low seat heights, long fuel tanks (apart from the Sportster), large rake angles, long wheelbases (i.e. stretched out). Bobbers have “bobbed” (cut off) rear fenders. Choppers have “raked out” steering angles with long forks; and powercruisers look like bulls – on steroids – with chunky rear tyres, forks, front tyres. Tourers have major league wind protection, stereos, hard luggage, while baggers are more of the cut-down form of tourers.

The “Sport” models such as the Sportster, Scout, Rebel were actually meant to be like the standard motorcycle although have more cruising character.

Seating position

A low seat height, regardless of model style. The rider’s legs are usually placed forward with the feet next to the engine or even ahead.

Depending on the type of handlebar installed, the rider sits either upright or with his torso slanted forward. Lower and shorter handlebars called “drag bars” have either low or no riser at all, thus necessitating a long reach forward.

There are so many types of handlebars catered to cruiser riders’ individual tastes.

Engine size

While we usually think of cruisers as heavyweights, there are once that begin from 125cc. But it’s true that the largest volume production engine capacities are in the cruiser segment. Case in point, the 2020 Triumph Rocket 3 with its massive 2500cc triple.

Oh yeah, Harley had just announced the 131 cubic inch (2147cc) Screamin’ Eagle Milwaukee 131 Crate Engine, making it the largest V-Twin. BMW has the honour of having the largest Boxer engine at 1800cc.

There are just a number of types of engine configuration in this segment made of Singles, V-Twins, parallel-Twins, Triples, and now the Boxer. However, the main platform is the narrow-angle 45-degree V-Twin which Harley had promoted for ages.

Most 45-degree V-Twins are primarily air-cooled, except for certain liquid-cooling for certain Harleys. But the coolant only circulates around the cylinder heads and exhaust ports.

Harley also has a liquid 60-degree V-Twin called the Revolution which powers their er… powercruisers.

The 90-degree V-Twin in the Ducati Diavel is liquid-cooled as the engine is shared with the Multistrada sport-tourer.

Triumph’s Bobber uses a liquid-cooled 1200cc parallel-Twin.

The Rocket 3 is liquid-cooled, of course!

Triumph Rocket 3 GT

 

Performance

Cruisers are all about torque, more torque and most of all, torque. As in low-end and tractable torque.

This is one reason why it’s difficult for most cruiser riders to switch to other form of bikes. That massive low-end power allows them to ride through traffic without the need to work the gear lever like a tap dancer, and overtaking traffic needs just a small turn of the throttle.

On the highway, the massive V-Twins turn over at around 1,500 RPM while a torquey, high horsepower, high RPM 1000cc superbike does it with 4,500 RPM, at the same 110 km/h. This character gives the cruiser a relaxed sensation – hence cruising.

The new Harley engine we mentioned above stomps out 177.6 Nm of torque (horsepower is upped to 131 now). If you think that’s a lot, the Rocket 3 triumphs (pun intended) with 221 Nm and 165 hp.

Harley-Davidson Milwaukee-Eight head – courtesy of bikebandit.com

Chassis

Chassis is generally basic with the main concern about carrying the mass of the motorcycle, rider and pillion, and the luggage. Therefore, the frames are usually made of large gauge steel tubing.

The suspension is tuned for comfort, rather than corner carving (apart from the Rocket 3 and Diavel).

Harley brakes were supremely lacking for a long time, but they’ve since upped their game, especially in the face of Indian and Victory. Again, the Rocket 3 and Diavel are in the performance market, thus they’re equipped with the latest Brembo brakes.

Electronics

The cruiser segment was the last of the road bikes to see up-to-date ABS and traction control. However, most are still considered basic in the face of other bikes in the luxury market.

The performance segment is again different, of course.

Fuel capacity

Fuel tank sizes typically range from 12 litres and above. The heavyweight cruisers usually carry 23 litres or more. Stylistic considerations may dictate the smaller “peanut” tanks, of course. Remember that Americans lead the cruiser market, therefore the bikes are meant to travel long distances.

Yes, yes, there are cruiser riders who ride no further than to Starbucks or Hard Rock Café and back, but there are also such riders in other segments, too.

Customization options

The cruiser segment is the hotbed of motorcycle customization. There’s everything from mild to wild, from the gentlemanly to the outright weird.

The manufacturers also offer factory customization and upgrade kits with hundreds and thousands of choices.

  • Today, we look at the hub centre steering front end.

  • In some ways, it’s better than forks.

  • But there are other compromises, too.

We had detailed about what happens to forks under load yesterday, so we shall continue with how hub centre steering works and their dynamics.

On paper, a hub centre steering (HCS) front end still carries out the functions of the conventional forks. But that’s where the similarities end. That’s because instead of combining steering, braking and suspension functions into a pair of the same items, each function is separate.

The basic layout of an HCS front end

First, think of a swingarm complete with suspension and brakes attached. Now turn it to face the direction of travel and add a steering mechanism to it. However, the steering mechanism is separate and not tied directly to the wheel. Conversely, the handlebar is connected to rods that pull the front wheel left or right.

How it works

As you ride along, the arm or arms move up and down. A spring and damper are mounted to arm to absorb the forces. Since the handlebar is isolated from these forces, you will enjoy a much smoother ride. Bump forces don’t shoot straight up into your palms and arms like they do with forks.

As you continue to ride, a sharp corner appears up ahead and you brake hard for it.

Weight is transferred forward to compress the suspension. Instead of being transferred onto a couple of bars, this transfer of weight is directed horizontally into the arm. It results in the motorcycle staying flatter, rather than attempting to stoppie.

With conventional forks, that dive will change the front end’s geometry. On a HCS front end, on the other hand, that dive does not affect the steering rods. Consequently, the rider can still turn the bike effectively. To him, steering may feel no different from when he was riding on a straight road.

The advantage here is that he can brake much later and harder into corners while still being able steer the bike through.

The swingarm could also be tuned for effective lateral flex when the bike is leaned way over. Stiffer forks cannot do so unless you want loss of feel or chatter to creep up, thus flex had to be built into the frame.

So why are bikes still using forks?

Forks may have many more complications compared to HCS but they have been refined over the years to where they are now. That means there is a wealth of knowledge and experience in working with forks.

But probably most of all, it’s that isolation of braking and bump forces from steering that will scare riders. It’s ironic that too much feel from forks also scare riders. However, riders brought up on forks have learned to compensate for their limitations. It’ll be interesting to see how a rider develops over time if he had been exposed to a HCS front end from when he first started riding.

Another disadvantage is weight. Having a chunky piece of metal up front will tip the scales more. Bimota compensated by making most parts out of expensive carbon fibre on the Tesi H2.

Conclusion

Building a motorcycle is all about compromises. The consideration that wins through is usually about cost and complexity. Unfortunately, the HCS is on the losing end of these two considerations. We could only hope that more manufacturers adopt the technology.

 

  • Besides the Bimota H2 Tesi, Kawasaki is now rumoured to be working on their own hub centre steering motorcycle.

  • What is hub centre steering (HCS)?

  • To understand HCS, we need to look at what forks go through first.

While we await the new Kawasaki Ninja H2 powered Bimota Tesi H2, Kawasaki themselves are rumored to be working on a hub centre steering (HCS) bike themselves.

It may be of no coincidence that Kawasaki bought out 49% of Bimota’s shares, after all. It now appears that the Japanese manufacturer needed Bimota’s extensive experience in building HCS motorcycles (besides superb frames).

We don’t see this sort of front end on many production bikes, truth be told. Those that did were just more than a handful: Yamaha GTS1000, four models from Vyrus, and of course, the Bimota Tesi 3D. Interestingly, Vyrus was working hand-in-hand with Bimota in developing the Tesi 3D but chose to split away to produce their own HCS bikes.

There were also HCS bikes in the 500cc World GP Championship in the late 80s. Powered first by Honda then ROC, they turned in some encouraging results.

What is actually HCS? How does it work? And why is it considered revolutionary?

But first, we have to understand how the front end of a motorcycle works, starting with the age-old telescopic forks. (The term “telescopic forks” applies to both conventional and upside-down forks.)

What are the functions of the forks?

We’ve described how forks work in a previous article. But let’s describe their functions.

The roles of the forks are to:
  1. Support the weights of the bike and rider through preloading the springs.
  2. Provide compression and rebound damping.
  3. Steer the front wheel, hence the bike.
  4. Hold the front wheel in place thereby “attaching” the front wheel to the bike.
  5. Carry the brake calipers.

That’s a lot, don’t you think?

What happens when the bike is moving?

When a bike is travelling straight up, the wheel is deflected upwards when it contacts a bump. The forks compress, the re-extend after passing the bump. Changing directions is also easy as no other forces are acting on the front end, except for the bump.

The suspension on this dirt bike has fully compressed during landing off a jump. Try to steer the bike when this happens – Credit Dirt Legal

Imagine the rider braking hard for a corner.

The decelerative forces from the brake calipers are pushed into the forks. Weight of the rider and motorcycle is shifted to the front due to inertia and compress the forks.

Now imagine the front tyre contacting a bump at this very moment. Much of the forks’ travel have been taken up due to braking and now more is requested by the bump.

The results are the bike will be difficult to turn as the tyre is hopping over the bump or worse, subsequent bumps. Also, more forces are being directed into the front tyre (as the suspension doesn’t have more travel) causing it to be squished out sideways. Consequently, the increased footprint makes turning the bike much harder.

Apart from that, provided that the front brake doesn’t lock up, all the weight will be shifted to the front and inertia forces the rear end to slide out.

Rear tyre sliding under braking. See how compressed is the front end – Credit Cycle World

In extreme cases of weight transfer will lift the rear end of the bike. As a result, the bike becomes squiggly, unsettled, unstable. This is also when rear brake becomes redundant, hence braking distance is increased. Worse, the rear end’s lifting while the front-end hops over bumps.

It’s spectacular to look at Marc Marquez  doing this and still make the corners, but it’s not a great idea on the road! What do most riders do in this situation? Answer: Let off the brake and run straight off the road.

Using a heavier (harder spring) or dialing in more low-speed compression damping helps but neither or both will eliminate the problem completely. Besides, the front end will become less compliant.

Additionally, extreme braking or sharp bumps or a combination of both can force the fork legs to bend backwards slightly, but enough to cause the sliders and legs to touch each other, thereby creating stiction. Stiction is the combination of two words, namely static and friction. It may also be influenced by the word stick. When stiction occurs, a large amount of force is needed to break the friction. The rider would feel as if the front suspension has stuck in its stroke. The solution is to make bigger diameter and stiffer forks but doing so creates their own set of problems. This is why high-end fork sliders are TiN (titanium nitrate) coated.

TiN coated fork slider – Credit reportmotori,it

Additionally, the length of the forks creates a leverage against the headstock (where the triple clamps are mounted to). Again, engineers respond by making larger forks, headstock and frame to compensate.

However, creating stiffer forks and headstock adds weight. But more critically, it will cause loss of feel of the front tyre especially when the bike is leaned over in a corner. In fact, extreme stiffness can induce front wheel chatter. When the rider losses feel or the tyre chatters, he’ll lose confidence, and loss of confidence forces him to slow down.

Check out the size of the headstock and centre spar of this Kawasaki Ninja ZX-10R frame. Some riders complain of lack of feel in corners. It’s due to lack to lateral flex

So, it’s a constant battle between fork, headstock and frame stiffness against stiction and leverage.

There are advantages of the forks, of course. However, these were brought on by the familiarity of how they feel and how we compensate. Other plus points are that forks require less complex architecture, are lighter and comparatively cheaper than HCS.

That’s it for now, we’ll look at how HCS functions, besides their pros and cons next time.

  • Why are there satellite teams in MotoGP?

  • What are they and what do they do?

  • Why the disparity in machinery?

We were coming through social media when we came upon an article comparing factory and satellite teams in MotoGP.

We thought we could add more details as we’re currently looking at the 370-page 2020 FIM Motorcycle Grand Prix Regulations. The questions revolved mostly around why satellite team riders are on factory-spec bikes, too.

What’s a “factory team”?

A factory team is a team entered directly by the manufacturer. Consequently, the team has the highest budgets hence the best riders and team members; and first priority to parts and upgrades; and of course, top sponsors.

This why every rider on the grid aims to join a factory team. Factory teams also provide much higher levels of technical, PR, physical and even psychological support. The salary is also much higher. Along with these perks come bikes that can actually perform because which rider doesn’t want to perform well and win?

What’s a “satellite team”?

A satellite team has no bike of their own. As such, they have to rent them from a manufacturer. Yes, rent because MotoGP bikes are (usually) not for sale. What level of machinery or parts depends on how much they could shell out.

A satellite team’s budgets are from sponsors and are more constrained, hence the disparity in terms of support for the riders.

Traditionally, the factory usually provides lesser equipment to the satellite team because they don’t like to be beaten by the “lesser team.” However, we’ve seen manufacturers extending one or two of their latest bikes to satellite teams lately.

Reasons to run satellite teams

1. Data collection
Credit Motor Sport Magazine

Data here pertains to information which could be used to speed up development for building and setting up a race winning bike. Even the factory team has to justify the astronomical costs for going racing to the management and shareholders.

Data consists of suspension, chassis balance, traction control, engine map settings, etc.; sector times, lap times, corner speeds, top speeds; performance of parts, tyres, the engine; and almost everything else.

The role of data supplier is even more critical in these last 3 years when FIM reduced the number of test sessions to cope with including extra rounds. Gone were the days of unlimited testing, tyres, engines and development throughout the year. Doing so reduces costs to encourage more manufacturers to join the championship and create closer racing.

So, since there are fewer opportunities to test and gather data, having a satellite team in effect doubles data collection.

2. Exposure

Quartararo may be in the PETRONAS Yamaha Sepang Racing Team, but he’s still on a Yamaha.

Having more than one team running the same brand provides the higher chances of being spotted by spectators at the track and those in front of their TV screens.

3. To bring in new riders

New riders are usually signed to satellite teams before being “promoted” to the factory teams. There is no point in putting someone who may struggle to perform on a full factory machine when there could be other better riders. There are exceptions of course, but this is normally the case.

How does this affect teams?

Suzuki may have run at the front and won a number of races, but they also suffered from inconsistent form in 2018 and 2019. The same goes with Aprilia. These two teams also couldn’t audition new riders in satellite teams.

KTM on the other hand, suffered from not having a MotoGP-winning rider to develop their bikes, as Dani Pedrosa was sidelined from his role throughout the 2019 season.

The Yamaha team definitely benefitted from Fabio Quartararo’s surprising and amazing debut. This was one reason why we saw the resurgence of factory rider Maverick Vinalez at the end of the season.

Honda, well… they’ve got Marc Marquez.

So, why not give everyone equal machines?

The simple answer is: Cost.

Renting a top MotoGP bike is around € 2 million per rider per season these days. No electronic part is less than € 1,000. A carbon fibre part is valued at € 2 per 100 g. A Marchesini magnesium alloy wheel costs € 4,000.

A manufacturer will find it more productive and cost efficient to support the best rider in their stable, hence building a bike which suits his riding style. Marc Marquez is the best example. The other best Honda rider, Cal Crutchlow found himself in mid-pack almost throughout last season as he couldn’t get used to the bike. Even three-time world champion Jorge Lorenzo had to call it quits.

A manufacturer with vast resources like Honda couldn’t even build two different bikes for each of their riders. Hold on, what we meant by two different bikes was two variants instead of just two bikes. Each rider may have two bikes per round, but the constructor may well build three or four bikes per rider for the entire season. The number could be higher but the true quantity has never been revealed.

Apart from that are the costs arising from crashes.

Photo credit MotoGP.com

Hence, the satellite teams usually made do with the older bikes. Oh, they come without wheels and suspension. Consumables such as tyres are sponsored but the FIM had placed a limit on the number each team could use per season. Anything extra would have to be paid by the team. Could they afford higher prices?

As we mentioned earlier, the top manufacturers such as Honda, Yamaha and Ducati are now providing factory-spec bikes to the best riders in their respective satellite teams. This was why we have closer competition these days.

Conclusion

Hope you find the above information useful. You’re always welcome to share your thoughts with us.

  • Hobby for a biker? How about building motorcycle model kits?

  • The kits come in pieces which you have to assemble into a complete bike.

  • The hobby is great for relaxation and self-discipline.

Bikers can have other hobbies, too, other than just riding. One of the best would be building motorcycle model kits.

There’s nothing like the amount of satisfaction and gratification when you assembled something that came in pieces into your favourite bike. You need to have patience, eye for detail, finesse, determination, discipline and concentration to work through all the challenges and frustration to come away with the end result. Good or otherwise, I bet you’d still feel happy when the bike is finally assembled complete with its decals.

Honda RS1000 Suzuka racer – Credit Tamiya.com

Patience is a dying virtue in this current society which is driven by instant gratification. That’s why social media is so addictive to so many ways. But why not use current media such as YouTube to search out tips on assembly techniques? We didn’t have any guide at all except for the assembly instructions when I started this hobby in the mid-80s. We’re so much luckier now.

The way I see it, assembling model kits is a great way of being at peace with yourself. I know for a fact that I’d switch to a zen-like state and shut out the world completely when I work on a model (even on a Lego set). It’s probably the best way to slow your heart rate down after a hectic day at the office or after your family’s gone to sleep. It may also be the very thing to return that great virtue called patience.

No, these kits aren’t necessarily for kids, perception be damned. I remembered that when a girl I who tried to impress complained to her friends that I brought her to the toy section during our date. She friendzoned me. But hey, I got to complete the Tamiya RZ350 kit without having to waste money and time on her any further nyah, nyah. She didn’t know how much work it’s required to bring a legendary bike from hundreds of pieces of non-painted plastic.

Yamaha RZ350 – Credit Tamiya.com

If you’ve never seen how a kit looked like before, check out the picture below.

Tamiya Suzuki RG250 Gamma kit – Credit Tamiya.com

My late-Dad presented me with a 1/12th-scale Suzuki RG250 from Tamiya when I was 14 years old in 1986. I opened the box with glee, thinking that it’s a completely built-up bike. I was greeted by a frame with “exploded” parts in a clear plastic bag, instead. The kit included a manual that presented a brief description on the particular bike.

Suzuki RG250 Gamma – Credit Tamiya.com

My Dad sat down and helped me get started. He bought me the paint, paint pens, brushes, clippers, etc., except for the airbrush and compressor as they were too expensive even at the time. I found that the most difficult process was painting and detailing, while assembly was more or less a breeze.

Credit Tamiya.com

I remembered building up the bike as best as I could with what I had at hand. The end result was far from those built by long-time enthusiasts, but hey, I was super satisfied.

I’ve stuck with the Tamiya brand since then due to the high level of details and well, Tamiya is essentially the only brand that’s left today. Millennials or kids probably associate the brand to the Mini 4WD racers.

Their motorcycle model catalog is filled with some 72 1/12th-scale and just 12 big-sized 1/6th-scale kits. These are motorcycles that made impacts in motorcycling. There aren’t more because they weren’t licensed by the respective manufacturers.

Still, the 1/12 kits include legends such as the Kawasaki H2R and H2; Ducati 888, 916, Desmosedici, Panigale; Suzuki Katana 750 (with pop-up headlight), 1000 and 1100; Honda RC30; Yamaha YZR500 GP racer, YZR-M1, YZF-R1M; etc. A number of models have been discontinued including the bevel drive Ducati 900SS, Mike Hailwood Replica and 900 NCR Racer.

Screenshot of Page One of the 1/12 catalog – Credit Tamiya.com

The 1/6 kits are reserved for certain groundbreaking bikes, such as the 1981 Honda CB750, Suzuki GSX-1100S Katana. But there are two engines kits here: One for the 1979 Honda CB750F and another for the Kawasaki Z1300.

Screenshot of the 1/16 catalog – Credit Tamiya.com

I wish BMW Motorrad and Triumph would license their bikes to Tamiya. I’ll be building a BMW R32 or Triumph Rocket 3 or Thruxton TFC with glee!

They are not cheap these days, though. Each 1/12 kit will set you back around RM 300 (curse you, inflation!). However, am of the opinion that the money will be well-spent. Unless someone deposits RM 2.6 billion into my bank account (I know, the joke is stale but hey, is there a better example?), I could never get to own any one of these legends. Even then, bikes like the YZR500 or RG500 aren’t for sale at any price! So, RM 300 for a historic motorcycle isn’t that bad and I don’t have to worry about where to store it. Hey, RM 300 is about the price of a Playstation game, anyway.

Tamiya Yamaha YZR500 – Credit Grand Prix Models on Twitter

Give it a try, you may just fall in love with it.

You can the 1/12-scale catalog here; the 1/16-scale lineup here; and entire Tamiya catalog here. There is an authorized distributor here in Malaysia.

  • Hydraulic forks have been around since 1935.

  • The springs provide the preload function.

  • Damping works by forcing hydraulic fluid through orifices or shims.

The hydraulic fork has been with us since the BMW R12 in 1935. Since then, forks have been revised to no end in the pursuit of excellence, giving rise to electronically controlled suspension.

But how do they really work? What goes on in there?

Basic principles

The most basic principle involves inserting a spring in each fork. For many years, the spring was the only component to play the role of preload (keeping the suspension from bottoming out) and damping (absorbing shocks).

The earliest form of damping came in more… springs. Yup, you’ve got one with larger diameter, surrounding another with a smaller diameter. The former is longer than the latter, so as the fork compresses more due to a larger bump or shock, the shorter, more tightly wound spring comes into play to put up more resistance. This provides a rising rate suspension, in effect.

Hydraulic damper rod

Next to arrive was the hydraulic fork.

When the hydraulic damper appeared, fluid is pushed through orifices on a damper rod to create damping. The rod is inserted into each fork leg, on top of the spring. The damping rate – how the quickly the suspension reacts – depends on the size or sizes of the orifice or orifices.

Cartridge forks

Fork cartridge – Credit JBI

Instead of using damper with orifices, a cartridge consists of different sized shims. Oil is then forced through. A soft shock will bend the weakest shim to allow oil through. Harder shocks will bend more shims to allow the wheel to move up at a faster rate. This means damping is more precise. One of the biggest advantages of the cartridge fork is that you can replace certain shims for different damping characteristics.

Separate function forks

As the name suggests, one fork leg holds the spring or springs, while the other size holds the damper mechanisms. The one with the spring controls preload, while the other checks damping. This way, the forks could be made to cater to their specific purposes. They can also be lighter as the components are not duplicated. Having different functions on each side doesn’t give off different feedback when the bike is turned to either side as the forks are tied to the same triple clamps.

Electronic suspension

These systems can control preload and damping, or separately depending on the bike. Instead of having the rider adjusting the parameters with tools (plus sweat), it’s all done through a button on the handlebar.

However, the principles remain the same. What’s different is that sensors on the fork and swingram provide real-time ride height and damping data to the suspension ECU. The ECU then determines the correct strategy i.e. setting, depending on the selected mode. The ECU then sends signals to servos to alter the parameters.

Fork oil


Damping works by converting kinetic energy (moving fluid) to heat. This is why oil is commonly used as it could absorb the heat plus has low flow resistance. Changing the oil to difference viscosities or amount alters the damping characteristics.

But bear in mind that it must be replaced at every 20,000 km.

  • We continue our 40 Years of the BMW GS series.

  • The second-generation GS was known as the BMW R 100 GS.

  • It featured a bigger engine along with the Paralever, among others.

We continue our 40 Years of the BMW GS series with the next generation of the GS called the BMW R 100 GS.

The R 100 GS was a watershed model, picking up from the success of the R 80 G/S, making its debut mid-1987. However, although the R 80 G/S was “discontinued” is evolved into the R 80 GS.

This time the both bikes would mean Gelände/Sport, instead of Gelände/Straße. This designation would be changed again in time to the original. Both models promised higher performance, improved comfort and better brakes.

The engine of the R 100 GS was adopted from the 1986 R 100 RS sport-tourer. If the latter’s name sounds familiar, it’s because it was the first production bike to be fitted with a full fairing. Doing so had given rise to the modern sport-tourer segment.

Going back to the GS, the RS’s brawny character means it produced 60 hp from its 980cc Boxer. The R 80 GS remained with the 798cc engine which produced 50 hp.

BMW R 80 GS – Credit ADVRider.com

The R 100 GS represented another important milestone in the GS evolution, as it was the first BMW production motorcycle to feature the now famous “Paralever” swingarm.

BMW engineers had known about “shaft jacking” from early on. The phenomenon meant that the rear of the bike rises against stiffening suspension under acceleration. The manufacturer’s race engineer Alex von Falkenhausen had actually fitted the factory race bikes with double-joint swingarms since 1955 to counter the effect.

The maker had secured the patent for this kit but was never transferred to their street bikes, until the new bigger engine’s torque produced more pronounced shaft jacking. The extra bar made the swingarm look like a parallelogram, hence the name “Paralever.”

1988 BMW R 80 GS – Credit motorcyclespecifications.com

It worked so well that is was later adopted to the R 80 GS.

BMW didn’t stop there.

To improve handling, travel-dependent damping also made its debut at the front. The forks were made stronger, while the left fork gained a conical bushing.

How it worked was like this: As the fork rises, the cone caused the gap between the spring coil started to grow smaller and smaller. In effect, it was like a rising rate spring. This ensured that the fork could withstand jump landings.

BMW also gave the bike a hollow front axle which avoided the forks from distorting.

Besides the suspension, BMW also looked at the wheels (rims).

The now commonplace cross-spokes made its debut on the R 100 GS. As the spokes are mounted to the outsides of the wheels, the rider could mount tubeless tyres. It also facilitated spoke replacement without the need to remove the wheel or tyre.

These spokes also had flat angles for elasticity that resulted in the ability to absorb impacts and overloading. This design was so successful that it’s continued to this very day.

The cross-spokes also provided more space for the new and larger brake calipers for the bigger brake discs.

The frame remained essentially the same as that of the R 80 G/S but was strengthened. However, a stronger subframe was fitted and upped the bike’s load carrying capacity.

Many customers requested for a more fuel capacity compared to the R 80 G/S’s. BMW answered with a 26-litre fuel tank. It was a good compromise between the standard R 80 G/S’s 19 litres and the Dakar’s 32 litres.

Even the front fender was redesigned with the help of a wind tunnel to reduce instability at highway speeds.

An allow plate was fitted to front of the centre stand to protect the oil sump and exhaust pipe.

The R 100 GS also received a new handlebar-mounted fairing with higher windshield. Apart from that, it also featured an oil cooler and crash bars.

BMW R 100 GS Paris-Dakar

1989 BMW R 100 GS Paris-Dakar – bimmerarchive.de

BMW had initially conversation kits for the bike, but decided to produces full Paris-Dakar version in 1989.

The fairing was replaced with a frame-mounted kit which included the instrument cluster, unlike the standard model’s.

A 35-litre tank was fitted, as was a solo seat with luggage rack at the rear.

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