Bikesrepublic

target fixation

Kemalangan motosikal berlaku disebabkan oleh gabungan beberapa faktor: Keadaan jalan raya, kesilapan yang dilakukan oleh pemandu lain, cuaca, dll. Tetapi kemalangan juga berlaku kerana kebolehan penunggang sendiri, atau kekurangan, seperti apabila dia terkunci perhatian (target fixation).

Perhatian yang terkunci mungkin bukan punca utama kemalangan motosikal tetapi ia adalah sebab utama mengapa kita tidak dapat mengelakkan kemalangan.

Berita baiknya ialah, sekolah teknik menunggang lanjutan telah dapat mengenalpasti punca kemalangan yang berpunca daripada penunggang sendiri. Kita sebagai manusia mempunyai beberapa sistem pertahanan terbina dalam yang dipanggil “naluri bertahan.” Tidak dinafikan bahawa naluri ini telah menyelamatkan nenek moyang kita daripada menjadi jamuan binatang buas, tetapi ia boleh menjadi penghalang kepada kelangsungan hidup kita apabila menunggang motosikal yang melaju sehingga 300 km/j atau lebih. Ironik.

Dan ya, salah satu naluri kelangsungan hidup ini ialah perhatian yang terkunci, dan terdapat banyak video yang menunjukkan bagaimana kemalangan tersebut boleh dielakkan dengan mudah jika bukan kerana penunggang mengalami perhatian yang terkunci.

Apakah sebenarnya maksud perhatian yang terkunci?

Naluri ini berasal dari otak kita yang memberitahu kita untuk memerhatikan situasi yang berbahaya. Walaupun ia berfungsi dengan baik terhadap pemangsa, malangnya ia menjadi ancaman apabila kita menunggang motosikal yang bergerak pada kelajuan yang lebih pantas. Dan, kekuatan naluri ini meningkat apabila anda meningkatkan kelajuan.

Pernakah anda memasuki sesuatu selekoh dengan lebih pantas sedikit dan mendapati bahawa anda tidak dapat mengalihkan pandangan anda kepada bahagian luar selekoh dan akhirnya terbabas? Atau sebuah kereta keluar daripada simpang betul-betul di hadapan anda dan anda hanya kaku? Atau anda ternampak lubang di tengah jalan dan masih melanggarnya walaupun lubang itu hanya selebar 0.5 meter, sedangkan jalan selebar 8 meter?

Contohnya seperti dalam video di bawah. Penunggang motosikal itu mempunyai keseluruhan lorong ditambah dengan lorong bersebelahan bagi dirinya, namun dia melanggar juga penunggang-penunggang basikal itu.

Semua isu di atas disebabkan oleh otak kita yang mengunci perhatian kita pada sesuatu bahaya atau objek.

Jadi, bagaimana kita membetulkannya?

Seperti kebanyakan tabiat buruk, kita boleh melatih otak kita untuk mengatasinya, termasuk penguncian perhatian. Kita hanya perlu berlatih. Kita tidak perlu memasang tayar mahal, menukar suspensi, dsb.

Ingat perkara-perkara ini:

  1. Motosikal menuju ke mana kita memandang.
  2. Tungganglah dengan medan pandangan yang luas – jangan biarkan penglihatan anda seperti melalui terowong atau memandang ke bawah.
  3. Medan pandangan yang luas membolehkan anda “meluaskan” jalan di hadapan anda, sekali gus mewujudkan lebih banyak ruang.
  4. Dengan pandangan yang luas itu, lihat ke TEPI sesuatu situasi berbahaya.
  5. Tujukan motosikal anda daripada situasi bahaya itu.

Practice

  1. Cari jalan terbuka tanpa lalu lintas. Lebih baik lagi, tempat letak kereta yang luas dan kosong.
  2. Mulakan dengan 40 km/j. Pandang ke depan dan pandang luas, bukan ke bawah dan seperti melalui sebuah terowong.
  3. Bayangkan jalan berlubang atau sebarang bahaya di hadapan anda (sejauh mana ke hadapan bergantung pada kelajuan anda).
  4. Lihat ke kedua-dua belah iaitu kiri atau kanan situasi berbahaya itu.
  5. Kemudian kemudi ke salah satu sisi.
  6. Teruskan berlatih sehingga ia menjadi kebiasaan, dan otot anda akan mengikutinya (memori otot).
  7. Tambah 10 km/j pada satu masa dan teruskan berlatih.

Motorcycle accidents can happen due to the combination of several factors: Road condition, mistakes committed by other drivers, weather, etc. But accidents also happen due to the rider’s own abilities, or lack of, such as target fixation.

Target fixation may not be the main cause of motorcycle accidents but it is the main reason why we cannot avoid accidents.

Good news is, advanced riding schools and teachers have narrowed down the causes of mishaps creating by the rider. You see, we humans have several built-in defence systems called “survival instincts.” There is no doubt that these instincts have kept our forefathers alive until now, but they can be a hindrance to our survival on motorcycles that go up to 300 km/h or more. Ironic.

And yes, one of these survival instincts is “target fixation,” and there are countless videos that show how those accidents could have been easily avoided if not because of target fixation.

What is target fixation?

The instinct originates in our brains telling us to keep an eye on a dangerous situation or hazard. While it worked well against predators, it unfortunately becomes a bane when we ride motorcycles that travel at much faster speeds. And, the strength of the instinct increases as you increase speed.

Have you entered a corner a little faster only to find your vision locked onto the outside of the corner instead through it? Or a car pulled out of the junction right in front of you and could only stare at it, wishing that it went away? Or you saw a pothole in the middle of the road and still proceeded to hit it although the hole is only 0.5 metre wide, while the road is 8 metres wide?

Or, just the like in the video below. The motorcycle rider had the entire lane, plus the adjacent lane to himself, yet he ran into those hapless cyclists.

All those issues were caused by your brain telling you to fixate (lock) your vision on the danger, hence, target fixation.

So, how do we fix it?

Like many bad habits, we can train our brain to overcome them, target fixation included. We only need to practice: You do not need to mount those expensive tyres, suspension, etc.

Keep these points in mind:

  1. The motorcycle goes where we look.
  2. Ride with a wide field of view – do not let your vision tunnel down.
  3. A wide field of view lets you open up the road in front of you, thereby creating more space.
  4. With that wide view, look to the sides of the hazard when you spot one.
  5. Steer the motorcycle away from the hazard.

Practice

  1. Find an open road with no traffic. Better yet, a large parking spot.
  2. Start with 40 km/h. Look up and look wide.
  3. Imagine a pothole or any hazard ahead of you (how far ahead depends on your speed).
  4. Look to the either side i.e. left or right of it.
  5. Then steer to either the side. Keep practicing until it becomes a habit, and your muscles will follow suit (muscle memory).
  6. Add 10 km/h at a time and keep practicing.
  • As we’ve posted before, accident videos can help us learn.

  • In this video, two bikes crashed together through improper braking and target fixation.

  • We’re not criticizing anyone, but here are tips on how to avoid such tragedy.

A Singaporean Facebook page shared a video of an accident involving two motorcycles this morning. But rather than just condemning the parties involved we could perhaps learn that target fixation and improper braking is dangerous for us motorcyclists.

We are not trying to be experts here either. But after years of practice and riding in the same situation at least three times per trip per day, one tends to learn.

Watch the video below:

Part 1 – First rider

First rider panicked as he was trying to slip between the bus and car. He grabbed his front brake with full power, resulting in the front tyre washing out.

First lesson: Overtaking
  • If you need to overtake, do it quickly to get out of the “sandwich zone.”
  • But don’t ride more than 40 km/h faster than the vehicles around you.
  • Too fast and you won’t have time to react.
  • We humans normally take 0.5 second to react.
  • A vehicle covers 13.8 metres in 0.5 second at 50 km/h, and 27.7 metres in 1 second at 100 km/h. You decide.
First rider applied brakes too hard
What if he didn’t overtake?
  • Better to just follow the car if you’re not confident enough of overtaking.
  • The best place to follow is NOT directly behind, but to the side where there’s a good chance of the driver picking you up in the rearview mirror.
  • Additionally, it gives you room to avoid the car should he brake suddenly.
How should we brake?
  • Never, ever grab your front brake lever full-on.
  • Always increase the braking pressure progressively even when under threat.
  • Applying the front brake progressively allows the front suspension and tyre to soak up the weight transfer progressively, as well.
  • Jamming on the brake, on the other hand, transfers weight abruptly, causing the weight transfer to overwhelm the suspension and tyre.
Solution:

We know it’s easier than it sounds, but every motorcyclist should practice emergency braking. And we’re not talking about dragging the locked rear wheel like in JPJ tests!

  • Find yourself a large and empty parking lot.
  • Ride to 30 km/h and pull in the front brake lever progressively harder and harder until the bike stops.
  • Increase the speed you being to brake from gradually if you feel confident enough.
  • If you always ride at 150 km/h, we suggest you practice stopping from that speed – a lot.
Would ABS have helped?

It may but the first bike looked like a kapchai/scooter, hence it probably isn’t equipped with ABS. Even then, the best way is to ease up on the pressure at the lever to let the bike’s momentum stabilize itself. This can be helped through practice.

But what if there’s ABS?
  • It doesn’t mean one can get away with crashing even if there’s ABS.
  • We must first learn how it feels like when ABS activates.
  • The lever will pulsate when ABS activates, surprising some riders to let go of the lever too abruptly and the system stops functioning.
  • Secondly, ABS keeps the previously locked wheel rolling in order to provide the chance of swerving away from danger. However, this is always defeated by target fixation (refer part 2 below).
  • Thirdly, ABS can cause some riders to keep holding on to the brake lever will full power until the bike stops dead. The rider will then lose balance and topple over (jatuh bodoh).
  • So, if the ABS activates, keep braking until you scrub off enough speed for you to still retain control of the bike and maneuver. But let go of the brakes progressively.

Part 2 – The following rider

The following rider saw the crashed bike ahead and applied his brakes a fraction later. Remember? A human’s nominal reaction time is 0.5 second. He kept braking but still ran into the poor man on the road.

What went wrong?
  • First and foremost (remember these words): Target fixation.
  • Keep in mind that the motorcycle goes where you look.
  • In this case, he was looking directly at the first rider (he didn’t turn his head at all).
Target fixation sent second rider directly toward the fallen rider
What is target fixation?
  • Target fixation is a subconscious human instinct which instructs us to keep our eyes on a dangerous situation.
  • Yes, it helped us to survive through almost a million years, but it doesn’t agree when you’re riding or handling any vehicle at speed.
  • Being fixated on the first rider, he jumped on the brakes in panic, his body tenses up, his arms went straight.
  • Now he has no way of steering the bike even with the ABS on (see the front pogos up and down).
What should have been his response?
  • He should’ve looked to either side of the crashed rider ahead.
  • Both vehicles on either side have slowed down, leaving both lanes empty.
  • So, he could’ve swerved to avoid the fallen rider and apply some gas to get away, even without needing to slow down.
  • Situational awareness helps here, consequently he would know if either side were clear without needing too look.
  • Not tense up and lock his arms. Having relaxed arms allows the rider to steer even during hard braking. See how the MotoGP riders do it even when they’re braking from 330 km/h to 80 km/h to make a corner?
Second bike ran into first rider
What are the solutions to target fixation?
  • Overcoming target fixation needs practice.
  • Next time you come across a pothole, look to either sides and steer.
  • You’ll be surprised at how easy that was.
  • Keep practicing when traffic is clear.
  • You can even ride up to an imaginary hazard on the road, look to the sides and steer.
  • This practice will suppress your instinct to target fixate.
What are the solutions to braking hard and still being able to steer?
  • On braking and body position, do recall that fuel tanks have knee cutouts for a reason.
  • Hence, clamp your knees on the tank to support yourself and take the pressure off your arms and torso.
  • This way, you can brake much harder and have a better feel of the suspension and tyres’ limits.
  • Please refer above about brake practice.

Conclusion

Every rider needs to be critical about his/her own riding skills and learn. It’s far better than relying on others to give way.

Oh, and look up videos or articles on riding tips. It’s time and energy well spent rather than be like keyboard warriors who only know how to criticize.

Video source: Xianghui Chaw on ROADS.sg

 

 

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